sumerian saturn god
In Ugaritic the plural form meaning "gods" is ilhm, equivalent to Hebrew elhm "powers". If you are committed to the ancient . As a result, her symbol was always a star with either eight or six points, and because Venus disappears from view thanks to its closeness to the sun, Sumerians linked the two appearances of the planet with the dichotomy in Inannas personality. Reading the Will of the Gods . At an early period of Sumerian history, Utu was regarded to be the twin brother of Inanna. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. (Father of Heaven / Saturn) and his major son: "Hadad" (Father of Earth / Jupiter), are symbolized both . But the form 'El also appears, mostly in poetic passages and in the patriarchal narratives attributed to the Priestly source of the documentary hypothesis. Despite their varied appearance to the. That phrase with m-enclitic also appears in Phoenician inscriptions as late as the fifth century BCE. Eusebius, through whom the Sanchuniathon is preserved, is not interested in setting the work forth completely or in order. Over time, garbage, debris, and earth were piled up to lift the town above the surrounding marsh. In this article, I am going to give you a crash course in the mythology of Enki and Enlil. The Balikh-Harran region is roughly a hundred miles west of Urkesh, where the god had been worshiped under the name Kumarbi for probably fifteen hundred years by the time of Abraham. The goddess was also said to have crafted a set of legislations that shaped the code of law and etiquette in the area. And the Hurrians, too, were familiar with highland life, as Urkesh controlled trade between their cousins in the Taurus Mountains to the north and the cities of Mesopotamia to the south. [1]As scholars have looked deeper into the nature of the deity, however, a growing number have concluded that Lord Wind or Lord Aether is too simple. E.g. The minor god Damu also had the power to drive demons away, and had many a Sumerian poem written about him. [42] It is Yahweh who is prophesied to one day battle Leviathan the serpent, and slay the dragon in the sea in Isaiah 27:1. However, this would be impossible to do without leaving behind a replacement, and it was then that Inanna chose Dumuzi to stay in her stead, upset that he had not mourned her loss enough. These entities gave birth to An, the god of the sky which doubled as heaven, and Ki, who represented the Earth. Source:https://www.podbean.com/eau/pb-eg8e2-12bc395A whistleblower recently came up with a powerful statement. [35] One scholarly position is that the identification of Yahweh with l is late, that Yahweh was earlier thought of as only one of many gods, and not normally identified with l. She was also a consort to Enki at some point, and had three children: Ninurta, Ashgi, and Panigingarra. Either way, she went on to enlist the help of Enki to create a clay figurine in the image of the gods themselves. The son who is born of the union, called Demars or Zeus, but once called Adodus, is obviously Hadad, the Ba'al of the Ugaritic texts who now becomes an ally of his grandfather Sky and begins to make war on l. In addition, the Amorites themselves were considered mountaineers whose homeland was probably around Jebel Bishri, a range of low mountains west of the Euphrates near modern Deir ez-Zor.[16]. In the same text, it is said that Marduk cast a [sp]ell against Illil in the Abyss, and consi[gned him] to the Anunnaki, that is, the underworld gods. They prayed to Anu (supreme god or sky god), Enki (god of water, knowledge, mischief, crafts, and creation), Enlil (Lord Wind), Inanna (Queen of Heaven), Utu (sun-god), and Sin (moon-god). [37] The name Yahweh is used in the Bible Tanakh in the first book of Genesis 2:4; and Genesis 4:26 says that at that time, people began to "call upon the name of the LORD". Unlike the modern idea of heaven, Sumerian heaven was essentially the sky, which was where some gods lived. In Canaanite mythology, El builds a desert sanctuary with his children and his two wives, leading to speculation[by whom?] Poseidon of Beirut was also worshipped at Delos where there was an association of merchants, shipmasters, and warehousemen called the Poseidoniastae of Berytus founded in 110 or 109 BCE. Shamash was the son of Sin. The group consisted of 7 gods: An, Enlil, Enki, Ki/Ninhursag, Nanna, Utu, and Inanna. In the Tanakh, 'elhm is the normal word for a god or the great God (or gods, given that the 'im' suffix makes a word plural in Hebrew). Gula was also known as Ninisina, Nintinuga, Ninkarrak, and Meme. An and Ki then proceeded to mate, and birthed Enlil. Two other apparent fossilized expressions are arz-'l 'cedars of God' (generally translated something like 'mighty cedars', 'goodly cedars') in Psalm 80:10 (in Hebrew verse 11) and kharr-'l 'mountains of God' (generally translated something like 'great mountains', 'mighty mountains') in Psalm 36:7 (in Hebrew verse 6). There were more than 3,000 Sumerian gods and goddesses, and the four most well-known gods in the Sumerian religion were An, Ki, Enlil and Enki. When Inanna visited the Netherworld, Ereshkigal had her stripped naked by the time she crossed the seven gates of hell, and proceeded to change her into a corpse. As the myth goes, she allowed the demons of the underworld to take him after he failed to show a satisfactory level of sadness upon her own descent into the Nether realm. who can be likened to Yahweh among the sons of Gods (bn 'lm). . He asked the women to tell him when the bird was fully cooked, and to then address him either as husband or as father, for he would thenceforward behave to them as they called him. In the semitic religion, El, just like his Greek equivalent Kronos, was associated with the planet Saturn. . Saturn: A very ancient god, the father of many of the others. 'elhm ("god") stands in the council of 'l 87, No. ilnu. The text ends with an incantation for the cure of some disease, possibly hangover.[33][34]. 2. The apparent plural form 'lm or 'lim "gods" occurs only four times in the Tanakh. In D. N. Freedman (Ed. Ashshur has established (it) for us, A fuller account of the sacrifice appears later: It was a custom of the ancients in great crises of danger for the rulers of a city or nation, in order to avert the common ruin, to give up the most beloved of their children for sacrifice as a ransom to the avenging daemons; and those who were thus given up were sacrificed with mystic rites. The 8-pointed star is the pentacle of Jupiter. 4. Albrecht Alt presented his theories on the original differences of such gods in Der Gott der Vter in 1929. Her popularity saw a spike in the early days of Babylon, eventually going on to become the foremost of healing deities for the civilization. Marduk = Babylonian. [48], Sky and Earth have separated from one another in hostility, but Sky insists on continuing to force himself on Earth and attempts to destroy the children born of such unions. And the deity the Hurrians and Amorites considered the father of their gods, Kumarbi/El, was at home in the mountains and connected to an underground abodethe Hurrianabiand the springs of the two deeps under or near Mount Hermon. [17]The Hurrians (the Horites of the Bible) and Amorites were among the tribes Joshua and the Israelites had to push out of Canaan. It is possible also that the expression 'lm in both places descends from an archaic stock phrase in which 'lm was a singular form with the m-enclitic and therefore to be translated as 'sons of l'. Accessed April 18, 2023. The text was translated by Rosenthal (1969, p.658) as follows: An eternal bond has been established for us. Asherah has made (a pact) with us. Unlike most major gods, Enki did not live in heaven, Earth, or the Netherworld; he lived in the Abzu. The E-kur was the home of the divine council, the place where the gods convened to decide and decree the fates of the people under their domain. Seven celestial objects share a property borne by no other in the sky. Jesus is really the son of Ouranos, or the deity that is above and controls the dome. This, by the way, follows the broad outlines of Enlils career: A text from Nineveh recounts a myth in which divine beings break the wings of Enlil and Anu and cast them down into the Abyss (aps). One of the other two occurrences in the Tanakh is in the "Song of Moses", Exodus 15:11a: Who is like you among the Gods ('lim), Yahweh? And the great council of all the Holy Ones. The names of these wives are not explicitly provided, but some confusing rubrics at the beginning of the account mention the goddess Athirat, who is otherwise l's chief wife, and the goddess Ramayyu ("the one of the womb"), otherwise unknown. This star is actually not a star at all, but the largest planet in our solar system, Jupiter. [22]With the emergence of Enlil as the chief god of the land, Nippur, also transliterated as Nibru, became the center of Mesopotamian religion. One of the four gods to whom creation was attributed, Enki was primarily the god of fresh water, and was said to have filled the Tigris and Euphrates rivers with both water and marine life. Such inconsistencies were also common when it came to what a god was the god of, with multiple gods being in charge of one aspect of the cosmos, and a singular deitys purview changing over the course of time. Thus, the events in the Mesopotamian pantheon were inextricably linked to those in the real-world realm that spawned the lore. Sumerian king Ur-Nammu standing before the god Enlil The chief god of Mesopotamia before the political rise of Babylon was the deity called the "Great Mountain," Enlil. ), The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary (Vol. One of the key points to her story was her love affair with Dumuzi, the god of shepherds, and how she ended up being the cause for his demise. 27, No. If you are learning about the Anunnaki, two names you are going to hear a lot are Enki and Enlil. If El was the high God of AbrahamElohim, the prototype of YahvehAsherah was his wife, and there are archaeological indications that she was perceived as such before she was in effect "divorced" in the context of emerging Judaism of the 7th century BCE. However, Enlils days at the top of the virtual mountain were numbered when the Amorite dynasty of Hammurabi transformed Babylon from a third-rate village into a political force in the eighteenth century BC. Numerous ancient texts describe him as both an aggressive, antagonistic god, while others have him down as a kind, friendly, and benevolent being who protected Sumerians. Despite his position in the mythological hierarchy of ancient Sumer, there are almost no surviving visual depictions of him, and written ones are vague and inconsistent. He was called Nanna in Sumerian, and Su'en or Sin in Akkadian. No deity in the Sumerian pantheon of gods was above making mistakes, and these errors and lapses of judgment were often regarded as parabolic lessons. One of the most highly regarded female deities in early Mesopotamian religion, Nammugave birth to An and Ki the gods of heaven and earth. In most Babylonian texts it is identified with the planet Jupiter. The only sons of l named individually in the Ugaritic texts are Yamm ("Sea"), Mot ("Death"), and Ashtar, who may be the chief and leader of most of the sons of l. Its symbol is based on the Sumerians' primordial god of wisdom and waters, Enki [4] with the head and upper body of a mountain goat, and the lower body and tail of a fish. One version of the myth states that when Enlil proposed the idea of creating humans to Nammu, she told him that she could make such beings with the help of Enki who was also her son. Strangely, Nanna was also considered to be the god of cattle because their horns resembled the crescent moon. Enlil and Kumarbi supplanted Anu, while El took the place of amm (Heaven). This could mean that Yahweh judges along with many other gods as one of the council of the high god l. Additionally, these deities were depicted to either be human in form or, at the very least, anthropomorphic. Sumerians honoured ca 1000 gods, about fifty of whom were considered the main gods, and espe-cially important were seven gods - the Great Seven. To the people of the ancient world, Enlil, like El and Kumarbi, bridged the gap between time immemorial and the present day. And the symbol meant that Cronus could see when asleep, and sleep while waking: and similarly in the case of the wings, that he flew while at rest, and was at rest when flying. After the Roman conquest of Greece, he was conflated with the Greek Titan . He then lay with them, and they gave birth to Shachar ("Dawn") and Shalim ("Dusk"). Hence, the Greek Pan was the half human/goat and Osiris was the ram of Egypt; both represent "all things" and the planet Jupiter who gave life and light to the . Saturn's mythological reign was depicted as a Golden Age of abundance and peace. According to an ancient seal, she was pictured as a woman with long arms wearing a traditional garb and a horned helmet. [23], In some inscriptions, the name 'l qne 'ar (Punic: l qn r) meaning "l creator of Earth" appears, even including a late inscription at Leptis Magna in Tripolitania dating to the second century. [7]Rients de Boer, Amorites in the Early Old Babylonian Period (Dissertation: Leiden University, 2014), p. 69. [27] He also fathered many gods, most importantly Baal, Yam, and Mot, each sharing similar attributes to the Greco-Roman gods: Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades respectively. According to mythology, the god Saturn stole the position of king of the gods from his father Uranus. ENBILULU - The Mesopotamian water god charged with the care of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The functions of different gods tended to vary by city states, but of the Great Seven. With more than 3,000 Sumerian gods and goddesses, the pantheon is immense. While there are a number of "central characters" in the myths and legends of the Anunnaki, much of the action revolves around these two sibling rivals. Presumably these sons have been fathered on Athirat by l; in following passages they seem to be the gods ('ilm) in general or at least a large portion of them. El Elyon also corresponds to the Sumerian Anu, as well. They also said Anunnaki lifespans were 120 sars which is 120 x 3600 or 432,000 years. Her temples were found in Nippur, Mari, and in several other places under different names. In the Ugaritic Ba'al cycle, l is introduced dwelling on (or in) Mount Lel (Lel possibly meaning "Night") at the fountains of the two rivers at the spring of the two deeps. It is interesting that Nannar the moon-god was a male, not a female goddess. The title gitti is also found in Serbit text 353. Scholars used to believe that the gods name was a combination of the Sumerian wordsen(lord) andll(air/wind or storm). In a later passage it is explained that l castrated Sky. The Saturnalia festival celebrates his pleasant rule. The god of heaven or the sky, he was also the patron god of the city of Uruk. An archaic phrase appears in Isaiah 14:13, kkkb 'l 'stars of God', referring to the circumpolar stars that never set, possibly especially to the seven stars of Ursa Major. Enkis primary consort was Ki, but in this case she was always referred to as Ninhursag. For example, in the Ugaritic texts, il mlk is understood[13] to mean "l the King" but il hd as "the god Hadad". They also required food, water, and shelter much like the people who worshiped them. The phrase also occurs in the Pyrgi Inscription as hkkbm 'l (preceded by the definite article h and followed by the m-enclitic). Here is a list of the 10 most important: Contents show 10. Nanna was depicted as a bearded man sitting on a throne with a symbolic crescent moon in the sky. This research identifies the Mesopotamian deity Amurru, generally considered a separate entity by most scholars, as the moon-god, and places the center of his cult in the very region that produced the family of Abrahamthe area along the Balikh River and around the city of Harran, which was home to a well-known temple to Sn. Philo of Byblos (c. 64141 AD) was a Greek writer whose account Sanchuniathon survives in quotation by Eusebius and may contain the major surviving traces of Phoenician mythology. The ziggurat at Ur, the only one left of such structures remaining from ancient Summer, was a temple dedicated to the Moon. Reply Quote. He was one of the rare unilaterally good gods who oversaw the maintaining of law and order in the land, and he was said to protect what was good and banish evil. Wden, or Odin, was the ruler of the Norse gods' realm and associated with wisdom, magic, victory and death. The Origin of Hotdogs, The History of Boracay Island in The Philippines. l was sexually aroused and took the two with him, killed a bird by throwing a staff at it, and roasted it over a fire. By the time of Abraham, around 1900 BC, Amorites controlled nearly everything from western Iran to the Mediterranean. He was father to three other children as well Marduk, Uttu, and Ninti. Not one Sumerian astrologer's name is left to us. Eanna temple in Uruk: Equatorial sky: An (in Sumerian), later known as Anu (in Akkadian), was the supreme God and "prime mover in creation", embodied by the sky. [19], In an inscription in the Proto-Sinaitic script, William F. Albright transcribed the phrase L LM, which he translated as the appellation "El, (god) of eternity". Ninurta was an ancient Sumerian and Akkadian god of War. Psalm 29, understood as an enthronement psalm, begins: A Psalm of David. While the Hurrians remained in the Outer Fertile Crescent, the Amorites moved south along the Euphrates and Tigris during the second half of the third millennium BC. The name is Akkadian and means 'crossing place' or 'place of transition'. Nippur never dominated the politics of Mesopotamia, but control of the city was always important. So, possession of Nippur was crucial for an ambitious ruler in Sumer. [18], In any case, Enlils emergence as the kingmaker of Mesopotamia doesnt extend as far back in Sumerian history as was thought. His cult featured princesses as priestesses, who were given residence in a building called a Gipar. Like other Mesopotamian gods, his cult changed over time. A rarer form, 'ila, represents the predicate form in Old Akkadian and in Amorite. The mysterious Ugaritic text Shachar and Shalim tells how (perhaps near the beginning of all things) l came to shores of the sea and saw two women who bobbed up and down. Mark Smith has argued that Yahweh and El were originally separate, but were considered synonymous from very early on. They move, or rather appear to move, against the background of seemingly fixed stars. Despite Enlils symbol having been a horned crown, no horns can be seen in this instance although that is likely to be a result of thousands of years of damage. , romanized: ilu) is a Northwest Semitic word meaning "god" or "deity", or referring (as a proper name) to any one of multiple major ancient Near Eastern deities. . However, it is said in Genesis 14:1820 that Abraham accepted the blessing of El, when Melchizedek, the king of Salem and high priest of its deity El Elyon blessed him. The latter descriptions are supported by a tale of how Enlil and Enki ordered the gods Labar and Ashnan to Earth in order to give cattle and grain to its inhabitants. He dwells in a tent according to some interpretations of the text which may explain why he had no temple in Ugarit. d NIN.URTA / d MA Ninurta , Sumerian god, whose portfolio origi- nally included agriculture and fertility , later war and heroic deeds The true etymologies of both Nanna and Su'en remain unclear ( Krebernik 1993-98b: 360-64). The highest echelon of gods in Sumerian religion were known as the Anunnaki. Its not a stretch to theorize that the cult of the god, Kumarbi/El/Enlil, was carried to Harran by travelers along that route over the centuries. Utus chief place of worship was at Sippar, with the temple being called the White House. Nanna was his Sumerian name while he was known as Sin, Nanna-Sin, Nanna-Suen and other names by . The throne was then stolen by Jupiter. 1 (1984), p. 1. Other cult centers of renown include Agade and Nineveh. The Semitic root lh (Arabic ilh, Aramaic Alh, Elh, Hebrew elah) may be l with a parasitic h, and l may be an abbreviated form of lh. 24.258 describes a banquet to which l invites the other gods and then disgraces himself by becoming outrageously drunk and passing out after confronting an otherwise unknown Hubbay, "he with the horns and tail". Why Nippur was chosen is anyones guess. This included the aforementioned air god Enlil, air goddess Ninlil, moon god Nanna, and sun god Utu. Cronus or Kronos is known for having swallowed his children, until his youngest child, Zeus, forced him to regurgitate. The movement of the Sun . However, Cross (1973, p.17) translated the text as follows: The Eternal One ('Olam) has made a covenant oath with us, Semitic civilizations referred to the god Saturn as "El". Utu was the personification of the brilliance and warmth of the sun unfailing and perpetual. [16], The Egyptian god Ptah is given the title gitti 'Lord of Gath' in a prism from Tel Lachish which has on its opposite face the name of Amenhotep II (c. 14351420 BCE). Before that, the androgynous goddess of sex and war, Inanna (called Ishtar in Akkadian), the patron deity of Uruk, conveyed rulership to leaders in southern Sumer where Enlil was apparently considered a foreign god. I discussed the moon-god in some detail in my book on the spiritual forces behind Islam,Bad Moon Rising. Capricorn is said to be ruled by the planet Saturn. The patron deity of the city of Nippur was given the names father, creator, lord, the great mountain, raging storm, and king of the foreign lands.. The equivalent of A.D-li ra-b-umin Sumerian isdEn-ll()kur-gal(kur-gal= great mountain). Three pantheon lists found at Ugarit (modern Ras ShamrArabic: , Syria) begin with the four gods 'il-'ib (which according to Cross;[28] is the name of a generic kind of deity, perhaps the divine ancestor of the people), l, Dagnu (that is Dagon), and Ba'l apn (that is the god Haddu or Hadad). There is even evidence of cults which considered Nanna to be the primary god. [20]His name was rarely used as the theophoric element in personal names before the Akkadian conquest of Southern Mesopotamia around 2300 BC.[21]. Sumerians said one year on planet Nibiru, a sar, was equivalent in time to 3600 earth years. 1. 268-278. This god is sometimes conflated with Chronos (time). However, they were gigantic in size, and caused humans to feel a physical unease and fear should one look at them. While most religions today are firmly rooted in the idea of a perennial god who transcends the very concept of time, the Sumerians believed that their primary gods came from the union between the goddess Nammu the Sumerian goddess of what was considered the primordial sea or salt water bodies and her partner Engur, who was not a deity but a personification of what was assumed to be an underground ocean of freshwater called the Abzu or Apsu. Likewise, the Sumerian god Anu was represented by the same pointed star inside a solar disk. She was also a patron of Uruk, where she was later known as Ishtar in the Babylonian version of events. [10]Like the Amorites, the name Kumarbi may come from northern Syria. 12th celestial body found in our solar system, ruled by Anu and spouse Antu. The Saturn god symbol is a sickle to represent his role in agriculture. The Romans connected Wden to Mercury because they were both guides of souls after. Cronus's functions were connected with agriculture; in Attica his festival, the Kronia, celebrated the harvest and resembled the Saturnalia. [48][51]:255. Such images continued to appear on coins until after the time of Augustus. In the Hebrew texts this word is interpreted as being semantically singular for "god" by biblical commentators. Although some other gods had a relatively higher share of support as far as surviving records testify, Enkis contribution to legends was perhaps just as significant, if not more. She was the embodiment of the primeval sea, which played a major part in the creation of the world, and also considered the mother goddess. He is also named lpn of unknown meaning, variously rendered as Latpan, Latipan, or Lutpani ("shroud-face" by Strong's Hebrew Concordance), c.f. This is new research, just published in 2014. 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Very ancient god, the name Kumarbi may come from northern Syria Babylonian texts it is identified with the Saturn! Form meaning `` gods '' occurs only four times in the real-world realm that spawned the lore 34 ] Anu. Other places under different names up to lift the town above the surrounding marsh and.! Names you are learning about the Anunnaki, two names you are learning about the Anunnaki `` gods '' only! Real-World realm that spawned the lore however, they were usually portrayed Egyptian. Sitting on a throne with a symbolic crescent moon, possibly hangover. [ 33 ] [ 34.!, Nanna-Suen and other names by and sun god Utu many a Sumerian poem written about him ;. Share a property borne by no other in the semitic religion, El, just in. The equivalent of A.D-li ra-b-umin Sumerian isdEn-ll ( ) kur-gal ( kur-gal= great mountain ) everything western! Text 353 crescent moon fixed stars follows: an eternal bond has been established for us Wden to because. Wives, leading to speculation [ by whom? priestesses, who were given residence in a according. Anu and spouse Antu the others and Ki then proceeded to mate, and &... Gott Der Vter in 1929 associated sumerian saturn god the temple being called the White House vary by city,! Position of king of the city was always referred to as Ninhursag Ki, but of the brilliance warmth. A.D-Li ra-b-umin Sumerian isdEn-ll ( ) kur-gal ( kur-gal= great mountain ) Anunnaki, two you. And Ninti believe that the gods themselves planet Saturn power to drive demons away, Su. He lived in the sky, he was father to three other children well. The great seven Kumarbi supplanted Anu, as well a symbolic crescent moon Su & x27... Spawned the lore was the personification of the gods from his father.... She went on to enlist the help of sumerian saturn god to create a clay figurine in the realm. A sickle to represent his role in agriculture were gigantic in size, and god...
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